Effective Techniques for Streak-Free Window Cleaning
Intro
Washing windows often feels like one of those chores nobody looks forward to. However, this task isn't just about keeping the glass clean; it plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall appearance of a home or a workspace. Well-maintained windows can let natural light pour in, showcase beautiful views, and provide a welcoming atmosphere. Understanding how to achieve a clear, streak-free finish is both an art and a science, merging the right tools with the best techniques.
Throughout this exploration, we will delve into both traditional and modern methods that elevate this sometimes tedious job into a more manageable and efficient task. We will discuss the characteristics of various cleaning agents, from vinegar and water mixtures to store-bought industrial cleaners. Along the way, we will address environmental concerns, emphasizing solutions that are effective yet eco-friendly.
Having spotless windows not only boosts the aesthetic appeal but can also prolong the lifespan of the window materials. Whether you're a homeowner looking to impress or a cleaning professional searching for new strategies, this guide aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how to maintain pristine windows in various settings.
Our journey begins with examining architectural elements that impact window cleaning efforts, leading us to uncover the intricate connection between interior design inspirations and the methods we use to achieve that coveted sparkle.
Home Features
Architectural Marvels
When contemplating window cleaning, one cannot overlook the influence of architectural design on the task. Large, expansive windows—such as those often found in modern homes—can be stunning but also pose unique challenges. Homes with floor-to-ceiling glass offer breathtaking views yet can become droopy with dust and grime. Cleaning these surfaces effectively requires tools tailored to reach high or awkward angles. Using a squeegee with an extendable handle, for instance, can help ensure those hard-to-hit spots don’t get left behind.
On the flip side, classic homes with smaller, multi-paned windows might evoke a sense of nostalgia. They may require more intricate cleaning methods where attention to detail is key. Utilizing a lint-free cloth while creating a solution of equal parts vinegar and water, for example, can provide that streak-free look, proceeding pane by pane.
Unique Design Elements
Each window type embodies distinctive features that can complicate cleaning, yet understanding these can make a world of difference. Windows with decorative grilles or stained glass demand gentle handling and specialized cleaning solutions. It’s a delicate balance; too strong a cleaner can damage the surface while too weak may fail to eliminate grime.
For example, specialty glass cleaner for stained glass might be formulated to preserve colors while ensuring clarity. On the other hand, combining cornstarch with water can produce an effective cleaning agent for standard glass that reduces streaking, allowing clarity to shine through.
Moreover, consider the direction a window faces. Windows exposed to more sunlight might require more frequent cleaning due to the accelerated accumulation of dust and dirt. Knowledge of these factors is instrumental in developing a robust window maintenance routine.
By taking these home features into account, one can begin to piece together the optimal strategies and products that not only tackle current grime but also preserve the beauty of architectural elements in the long run. Next, we will transition to exploring how interior design choices further inform our approach to washing these essential fixtures.
Preface to Window Cleaning
Cleaning windows isn't just a chore; it can significantly affect the appearance and ambiance of any space. Think about it: clean windows enhance the aesthetic appeal of both the interior and exterior of homes and businesses, allowing natural light to flood through unobstructed, creating an inviting atmosphere. Moreover, failings in window maintenance can impact not just the clarity but also the longevity of the glass itself.
The necessity of clean windows transcends mere visual appeal. A well-maintained window plays a role in energy efficiency, as it allows for proper insulation and temperature regulation. Dirty windows can accumulate grime, which can block sunlight, leading to increased heating or cooling requirements.
Importance of Clean Windows
Imagine standing in a room with pristinely clean windows versus one with streaks and smudges all over. It's like the difference between day and night. Clean windows help create a positive experience, whether you're savoring a morning coffee or showcasing a property to potential buyers. Plus, a good view can uplift mood and foster a sense of well-being.
Maintaining your windows includes several important benefits:
- Enhanced aesthetic appeal: Clean windows improve the overall look of both residential and commercial properties.
- Increased property value: Potential buyers are often deterred by unsightly windows.
- Improved light penetration: Maximizing natural light reduces reliance on artificial sources, saving energy costs over time.
- Health benefits: Clear windows can improve air quality by allowing sunlight to inhibit mold growth and bacterial proliferation.
Common Window Cleaning Issues
In the arena of window cleaning, a few common pitfalls can trip up even the most seasoned cleaners, and they should not be taken lightly. These issues not only affect the outcome but can complicate the cleaning process:
- Streaking: One of the most frustrating problems, often resulting from using the wrong cloth or too much cleaning solution. Streak-free cleaning is an art and requires the right techniques.
- Dirt accumulation: Windows exposed to the elements without regular maintenance can collect dirt and grime, making it more difficult to achieve a polished finish.
- Water spots: Hard water stains can leave behind unsightly marks, particularly in areas with high mineral content.
- Scratched glass: Improper tools, like abrasive materials, can scratch windows and may necessitate costly replacements.
Addressing these issues is crucial to mastering the craft of window cleaning, and understanding them can set the stage for finding the most effective solutions, whether through commercial products or DIY remedies.
In short, embarking on a window cleaning endeavor with the knowledgeable insights about the importance and possible complications can lead to stunningly clear panes that sparkle with clarity.
Understanding Window Materials
Window materials play a pivotal role in determining the effectiveness of any window cleaning strategy. Each type of material interacts differently with various cleaning solutions, impacting not just the cleaning process but also the longevity and performance of the windows themselves. By understanding these materials, homeowners and cleaning professionals can tailor their cleaning approaches to ensure optimal results. Choosing the right cleaning method based on window materials can prevent damage, enhance clarity, and ultimately lead to a more satisfying cleaning experience.
Types of Glass Used in Windows
Single Pane Glass
Single pane glass, the simplest and most traditional type, offers a distinctive clarity that many find appealing. This type of glass consists of a single layer, which although providing good visibility, can be less energy-efficient than its counterparts. Its key characteristic is the straightforward installation and lower initial cost compared to other types. However, its minimal insulation could lead to higher heating and cooling costs.
In terms of cleaning, single pane glass is relatively easy to wash due to its smooth surface. A basic solution of vinegar and water works well, but care must be taken to avoid scratching. The simplicity of this glass type makes it a favorite among vintage home enthusiasts, as well as in older buildings that showcase traditional architecture.
Double Pane Glass
Double pane glass includes two layers separated by an insulating space. This design is particularly beneficial for enhancing energy efficiency, as it reduces heat loss and condensation. Its popularity lies in its key characteristic of better insulation, which can significantly lower energy bills while providing comfort year-round.
Cleaning double pane windows requires more attention because of the sealed nature of the glass. If the seal is broken, moisture can become trapped between panes, leading to cloudiness which won’t easily respond to conventional cleaning supplies. Homeowners should check for any signs of seal failure before proceeding to clean, as inappropriate cleaning methods could worsen the issue.
Low-E Coatings
Low-E coatings (Low-Emissivity) are a modern development in window technology. These coatings reflect infrared light, helping to keep homes cool in summer and warm in winter. The unique feature of Low-E glass is that it combines the benefits of insulation with solar control. This dual functionality makes it a highly desirable option for energy-efficient building designs.
However, cleaning Low-E glass requires special attention. Traditional cleaners can damage the coatings, so it's imperative to use products specifically designed for such surfaces. This presents a slight learning curve for some, yet the long-term energy savings frequently outweigh these complications.
Framing Materials and Their Impact
The frame surrounding the glass is equally essential, influencing the overall performance and maintenance of windows.
Vinyl
Vinyl frames are well-known for their durability and resistance to moisture. They require minimal upkeep, making them a practical choice for busy homeowners. Their robustness is a significant characteristic; they won't warp or rot like some materials, providing a long-lasting option.
Due to their non-paint-grade nature, cleaning vinyl requires gentle products that won't erode the finish. However, when maintained correctly, vinyl can retain a fresh appearance over the years.
Wood
Wood frames exude warmth and elegance, making them a favorite in many homes. They offer excellent insulation properties, enhancing the overall energy efficiency of a building. A notable characteristic of wood is its aesthetic appeal, which enhances the architectural design.
However, these frames demand regular maintenance, including painting or staining, to prevent issues like rot and decay. Properly cared for, wooden windows can become stunning focal points, but neglect can lead to significant challenges during cleaning, such as peeling paint or mold growth.
Aluminum
Aluminum frames are favored for their strength and lightweight nature, showing resilience in various weather conditions. Many manufacturers now provide thermal breaks to improve insulation, which adds to their appeal.
Cleaning aluminum is generally straightforward, as they resist corrosion. However, they can accumulate dirt quickly, requiring frequent cleaning to maintain their sleek appearance. On the downside, if not properly sealed, they can be prone to condensation, which could affect the cleaning strategy employed.
"Choosing the right window materials affects not just aesthetics but long-term performance, emphasizing the importance of tailored cleaning methodologies."
Understanding the different types of glass and framing materials is crucial for effective window washing strategies. Homeowners, designers, and cleaning professionals must account for these materials to achieve the best method catered to each distinct type.
Selecting the Appropriate Cleaning Solution
Choosing the right cleaning solution for your windows is crucial for achieving sparkling results without causing damage to the glass or the frame. The type of cleaning agent you use can significantly affect not just the clarity of your windows but also their lifespan. An appropriate solution is important for those looking to maintain a pristine appearance, and particularly beneficial for homeowners and professionals who often deal with differing levels of dirt, grime, and even specific chemicals that might be present in a location.
When selecting a cleaning solution, it's essential to factor in the unique properties of the glass and frame materials of your windows. This means considering everything from the climate in your area to the potential for hard water stains, which can easily mar even the shiniest glass. A well-chosen cleaning solution can make all the difference, optimally enhancing cleanliness while minimizing effort.
Commercial Window Cleaners
Ingredients to Look For
When it comes to commercial window cleaners, the ingredients play a pivotal role in effectiveness. Key components like ammonia, isopropyl alcohol, or surfactants can help achieve a streak-free shine. Ammonia is known for its ability to cut through grease and grime without leaving residues. However, one must be cautious—too much ammonia can damage window frames, especially if they are made of sensitive materials.
Surfactants, on the other hand, help create a thin layer of moisture on the glass, allowing dirt to be lifted away easily. Goodbye grime! Yet, they can be a mixed bag. Some might offer exceptional cleaning power at the cost of causing streaks if not used properly, highlighting the need for thorough rinsing or drying.
Brand Comparisons
When delving into Brand Comparisons, it's imperative to evaluate popular brands such as Windex, Glass Plus, and others. Each brand often markets its unique selling points, ranging from eco-friendliness to specific efficacy on tough stains. For example, while Windex boasts a reputation for effectiveness, some might find its strong smell off-putting; this is where smaller, eco-conscious brands can shine, as they tend to use natural ingredients.
Ultimately, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of various brands provides valuable insight into which product aligns best with your specific window needs. Keep in mind, though, that price isn't everything—sometimes, less expensive options can be just as effective without the hefty price tag.
Homemade Solutions
Vinegar and Water
Mixing vinegar and water creates a classic homemade solution, praised for its non-toxic nature and effectiveness against streaks. Vinegar acts as a natural degreaser and brings a fresh scent as well. This solution is particularly appealing to those looking to minimize their environmental footprint while still achieving clean windows.
However, vinegar does have a peculiar tendency to react poorly with certain window tints or films. Always test in a small corner first. Yet, for most standard glass, this cleaning duo stands out as a cost-effective and green alternative.
Baking Soda Paste
If you're dealing with particularly stubborn grime, baking soda paste may be the knight in shining armor. Its mildly abrasive nature allows it to scrub away tough spots without scratching the glass. To make this solution, combine water and baking soda until you achieve a paste-like consistency; apply it to the stain and scrub gently.
The challenge, however, is the potential for residue if not washed off thoroughly. Even a thin layer left can cloud the glass. Make sure to rinse well. While baking soda isn’t a typical choice, its power in the right circumstances can’t be overlooked.
Citrus-Based Cleaners
Citrus-based cleaners not only provide a fresh aroma but are also effective at cutting through grease due to their acidic properties. Their unique feature lies in the natural oils that can leave a slight shine after cleaning, appealing for those seeking a dual benefit. Plus, they're generally safe for the environment.
However, be mindful of potential skin reactions; those with sensitivities might want to wear gloves. Also, on very sunny days, these cleaners can dry quickly, leading to streaks if you're not quick in your application.
Specialized Products for Difficult Stains
Hard Water Stains
Hard water stains can be a nuisance, often leaving unsightly spots on your windows. Many windows will require a specialized solution specifically designed for hard water minerals. Products containing citric acid tend to be most effective. This can quickly dissolve the mineral deposits without damaging the glass.
The downside is that these products can be pricier than traditional cleaners, and some might require repeated applications for stubborn spots. A little patience goes a long way here, though—it’s about preserving that pristine view.
Paint Residue
When faced with paint residue, a specialized solvent can be your best bet. Paint removers or solvent-based solutions often target this specifically. However, handling such products requires caution: the fumes can be powerful, and safety gear, such as gloves and masks, may be necessary. It's crucial to follow manufacturer guidance to avoid damage to the glass.
Alternatively, scraping with a plastic blade can sometimes do the trick for less stubborn residues, preventing the harsh chemicals entirely—but be careful to avoid scratching the glass. It’s a fine line to walk.
Severe Grime
For particularly severe grime, a powerful cleaner is essential. Products designed for highly soiled surfaces often combine multiple cleaning agents to tackle built-up dirt. The unique feature here is their capacity to cut through even the most resilient layers of filth, restoring the glass’s clarity. Still, these formulas may be a bit overkill for regular cleaning and can strip away protective coatings if used excessively.
Understanding the specific problems—such as whether you often deal with pollen, pollution, or everyday dirt—can help guide you to the most suitable cleaner for your needs.
In summary, the right cleaning solution not only affects the immediate results but influences the longevity of your windows too. Selecting the suitable products and techniques can enhance your window appearance while mitigating potential harm to your investment.
Techniques for Effective Window Washing
When tackling the job of washing windows, the right techniques can make a world of difference, turning a laborious task into a surprisingly enjoyable endeavor. The success of achieving a sparkling finish lies in methodically employing appropriate tools, proper processes, and an attentive eye. Without doubt, effective window washing techniques not only enhance the clarity of the glass but also prolong the life of the window treatments and minimize the likelihood of streaks or smudges.
Utilizing the correct tools in tandem with a step-by-step washing process ensures that every inch of glass receives the attention it deserves. This impacts both aesthetic appeal and the systemic upkeep of the windows. The benefits are clear — cleaner windows allow more natural light in, contribute to the overall cleanliness of a home, and showcase the fine details of architectural design. Thus, it is pivotal to delve deeper into the essential elements of window washing techniques that lead to striking results.
Essential Tools and Equipment
Squeegees
Squeegees stand tall as one of the most crucial tools in the window-washing arsenal. Not only do they aid in quick removal of cleaning solutions, but they also prevent streaks, which is often the bane of every window cleaner. A high-quality squeegee, often fitted with a rubber blade, enables smooth gliding across the glass surface, drastically improving efficiency. These tools have the unique ability to handle changes in angle and surface tension, providing a satisfying finish with minimal effort.
The main advantage of using a squeegee is its ability to swiftly collect water without leaving behind that pesky film that can occur when using cloths or sponges. However, the downside comes when dealing with very large windows, as handling might become cumbersome.
Microfiber Cloths
Microfiber cloths are the unsung heroes of window washing. Known for their lint-free properties, these cloths contribute significantly to achieving a streak-free shine. Their unique weave allows for effective cleaning, trapping dirt and dust more efficiently than traditional rags.
One key characteristic that makes microfiber an ideal choice is its absorbency — they can hold up to seven times their weight in water. This means less need for continuous dipping and wringing, saving both time and effort. However, care should be taken to clean them effectively after use, as any residual dirt left in the fibers might lead to scratches on glass surfaces during the next wash.
Extension Poles
In situations where windows are situated in hard-to-reach places, extension poles come into play. They provide the advantage of working at height without the need for ladders, keeping safety as a top priority. These poles extend the reach of squeegees and cloths, allowing you to cover areas that would otherwise be a hassle.
The distinct feature of these poles is their adjustable length, which suits various window heights. But one must be cautious; using extension poles requires a steady hand and a bit of practice to achieve that flawless wipe. Risk exists in over-extending or misusing them, leading to poor technique that can affect the cleaning outcome.
Step-by-Step Window Washing Process
Preparing the Area
Preparation is the linchpin of any fruitful window washing endeavor. This includes moving furniture away from windows, laying down drop cloths to catch any drips, and ensuring ample light to clearly see any spots or streaks needing attention.
A well-prepared area not only promotes a smoother workflow but also reduces the chance of accidents and mess, making it a key component of effective cleaning. Moreover, spending a few extra minutes to prepare might save countless minutes during actual washing.
Applying the Cleaning Solution
Applying an appropriate cleaning solution forms the foundation of this process. One has to balance the right amount — too little will yield lackluster results, while too much may create unwieldy runoff, complicating the task further.
Whether opting for a commercial cleaner or a homemade solution, understanding the specific requirements of the glass type is essential. The method might vary; spray applications work well on larger surfaces, while dip-and-drag techniques can be handy for smaller windows. It’s all about finding what fits best for the job at hand.
Using the Squeegee
Once the cleaning solution is applied, the moment of truth arrives when the squeegee is put to work. The key here lies in technique — applying consistent pressure while moving in a single stroke from top to bottom is the gold standard.
This efficient method allows for better moisture control and includes the added bonus of preventing a mess. However, ensuring the squeegee blade is clean beforehand is paramount, as residue on the blade can mar the clean surface.
Final Touches
The last step — those final touches that really enhance the entire cleaning effort. This can involve using a clean microfiber cloth to wipe down edges and any remaining spots that a squeegee might have missed. This attention to detail is what distinguishes a good cleaning job from a great one.
In addition, using a specific approach for corners or hard-to-reach areas can elevate the overall appearance significantly. Leaving no stone unturned will yield an end result that not only sparkles but also reflects a dedication to meticulous care — an aspect often prized in homes and businesses alike.
Proper window washing techniques can transform the way you see your home by allowing more natural light to flood in and highlighting the beauty of your surroundings.
Maintaining Clean Windows
Having clean windows isn’t just about aesthetics; it goes hand-in-hand with the overall upkeep of any property. In this section, we'll dive into the nitty-gritty of maintaining clean windows, emphasizing regular habits and seasonal considerations. Not only does this promote a welcoming atmosphere, but it can also significantly extend the lifespan of your window materials. When grime accumulates, it can lead to scratches and other permanent damage, making maintenance an essential task. Beyond mere cleanliness, it helps improve natural light coming inside, promoting a brighter, more inviting home or office environment.
Best Practices for Regular Maintenance
Regular maintenance is akin to preventive medicine. Here are some best practices to keep in mind:
- Establish a Routine: Make window washing a part of your seasonal cleaning schedule. It doesn’t need to be elaborate; even a quick wipe-down can do wonders if done consistently.
- Use the Right Tools: Invest in quality equipment, such as a good squeegee, microfibre cloths, and a non-toxic cleaning solution. It pays off in the long run.
- Check for Damage: Regular checks for chips or cracks can identify issues before they escalate. Proactive measures save you from unexpected expenses.
By adopting these simple habits, your windows will remain in excellent shape, contributing to the overall allure of your property.
Seasonal Considerations
The significance of seasonal transitions cannot be overstated when it comes to maintaining your windows. Different seasons bring with them unique challenges and opportunities for cleaning.
Spring Cleaning
Spring cleaning is not just a trend; it is a practical approach to ensuring that your home feels fresh and revitalized. As winter gives way to warmer weather, pollen and dirt begin to settle on your windows. The key characteristic of spring cleaning is the thorough nature of the activity. It's the ideal time to tackle those stubborn streaks that may have built up, and the longer daylight hours enhance motivation for such tasks.
- Why Choose Spring Cleaning? The benefits are palpable. You not only clean your windows but also rejuvenate your home from the long winter. With a well-cleaned window, light floods in, adding warmth and cheer.
- Unique Feature: Cleanliness can improve your mood and is often linked to better mental health. A light-filled room can be a game-changer in how you feel about your space.
However, it requires planning; set aside time to ensure all elements of spring cleaning are covered, including window treatments.
Winter Preparations
Winter preparations involve strategic cleaning that not only enhances aesthetics but also protects your windows against the colder months. A major characteristic is addressing residual debris that accumulates due to changing weather patterns. Winter can be particularly harsh, bringing snow and sleet that leaves windows looking very less than desirable.
- Why Prepare for Winter? Keeping windows clean makes them less likely to freeze or fog over, which is significant for those frigid days. Not to mention, nothing looks worse than dirty windows with snow piled on them. Freshly cleaned glass minimizes ice build-up and ensures ongoing functionality.
- Unique Feature: The preparation routine often includes sealing and checking frames for wear, which saves on costly repairs in the long run as well.
While it may seem a chore, embarking on cleaning your windows during the transition to winter can greatly enhance the life and appearance of your windows.
Addressing Environmental Concerns
In today's world, where eco-consciousness is gaining traction, the methods employed in the maintenance of our homes have come under scrutiny. This article discusses the significance of considering the environment when washing windows, shedding light on specific elements and their benefits. By adopting environmentally friendly practices, homeowners not only maintain their homes but also contribute positively to the planet. Choosing the right cleaning agents and methodologies can significantly lessen the chemical load in our surroundings, effectively aligning window cleaning practices with sustainable living principles.
Eco-Friendly Cleaning Products
Utilizing eco-friendly cleaning products can substantially alter the dynamics of window washing. These solutions often feature biodegradable ingredients, posing less harm to both health and the environment. Among them, vinegar and baking soda rank high due to their effectiveness and safety. Not only do they efficiently tackle grime, but they also sidestep the toxicity associated with many commercial cleaners.
When considering eco-friendliness, it’s essential to evaluate labels. Look for products marked with certifications such as Green Seal or Ecologo that reassure the consumer of their eco-credentials. Moreover, many local brands are beginning to focus on sustainability, proving that effective cleaning doesn’t have to come at the expense of our ecosystems.
"The simplest solutions can often also be the best."
Impact of Local Climate
Local climate plays a crucial role in how windows are cleaned and maintained. It's not just about routine chores; environmental factors influence the cleaning methods and frequency. Understanding these variables can empower homeowners to make informed decisions that better suit their circumstances.
Humidity Levels
Humidity levels can dictate the behavior of cleaning agents. In high-humidity regions, for instance, soap residue tends to linger longer on surfaces because moisture impedes thorough drying. The unique characteristic of high humidity here is that it often requires more frequent cleaning, due to the accumulation of mold or mildew.
Consequently, choosing cleaning solutions that dry quickly and effectively becomes a necessity. If you live in a more humid area, products formulated to tackle mold become more than just convenient; they are essential.
Pollution Effects
Pollution has a distinct impact on window cleanliness. Those in urban environments, where air quality is often compromised, notice that dirt and grime build up much more quickly than in rural areas. The key characteristic of pollution effects is that contaminants can carve a path directly onto the glass, creating that stubborn residue that’s notoriously difficult to remove.
The unique challenge posed by pollution is understanding the necessity for more robust cleaning agents that can combat these conditions effectively. This complexity amplifies the debate between spending on commercial cleaners versus utilizing homemade solutions.
By carefully considering local climate conditions like humidity and pollution, homeowners can create a tailored approach to window cleaning that not only meets their specific needs but also encompasses eco-friendly methods that align with environmental concerns.
End
In wrapping up this exploration of strategies for washing windows, it’s essential to reflect on the myriad elements that contribute to achieving that pristine shine. Clean windows not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of a home but can also significantly impact the amount of natural light entering a space. In today’s world, where environmental consciousness is at the forefront, employing eco-friendly cleaning methods and solutions is particularly crucial.
Key Elements of an Effective Window Cleaning Approach
Throughout this article, we’ve dissected various facets of window cleaning that allow homeowners to optimize their efforts. From understanding the right materials to use, to selecting cleaning solutions that cater to specific problems, each decision plays a role in the final outcome. Consider the following key points:
- Material Compatibility: Knowing your window’s type (single, double, or treated glass) can save you from damage that might arise from using inappropriate cleaning agents.
- Environmental Considerations: Opting for green products not only aligns with sustainable practices but can also be less harsh on your indoor environment.
- Practical Techniques: The right tools and methods can elevate the quality of your cleaning routine. Simple techniques like using a squeegee correctly or employing homemade solutions can yield impressive results without breaking the bank.
"A good window cleaning technique is like a dance; you must know the steps and have the right rhythm to shine at the end."
Final Considerations
Assessing the state of your windows on a seasonal basis—and adjusting your cleaning practices accordingly—can make a world of difference. As such, not only should you engage in regular maintenance, but also be mindful of seasonal changes that might necessitate unique strategies. For instance, during spring, pollen can create stubborn residues, while winter grime can freeze to the glass, thus requiring a different approach.
